PART-3
He also began to wonder again in the late 1950s about whether sugar could be the cause of an increase in heart disease.
Gillian: More important than oil, what was the idea at the time? More importantly, fat is certainly more valuable than fat, but that sugar was involved in a few other unpleasant conditions, especially diabetes and obesity.
Gillian: That thesis soon put Yudkin in direct conflict with the sugar cane. The man, an American nutritionist, Ancel Keyes. Keyes will later be revealed as industry-sponsored, but not before helped to destroy John Yudkin's reputation. And since the 1950s.
He had begun producing books suggesting that dietary fats were a problem. Gillian: Award-winning science writer and author Gary Taubes.
Keyes has successfully managed to seduce Yudkin with this quirky scent. And then, anyone else for the next 20, 30 years who researched sugar was accused of being similar to Yudkin.
There was a planned campaign to discredit him or ignore his work.
Because of the actions of the sugar industry in the 70s, almost no research was funded. He has the idea that if you study sugar, you look like Yudkin and he was a thousand. Gillian: But that's amazing.
I mean, what do you mean by a scientific investigation into the link between diabetes and disease that should be stopped? Yama yama.
Gillian: When we come back, science is back. What happens when you take healthy students and feed them a lot of sugar?
Gillian: It's the first week of "The Fifth Estate" Sugar Challenge. Just look at recipes that help reduce sugar in your diet. Gillian: And the Breedons also learned how to cook.
Chef James Smith teaches that real food, whole fruits and vegetables, and grains for healthy eating can also be quick and tasty, without added sugar at all.
They use certain ingredients that will change and reduce sugar and reduce digested foods in your diet. Gillian: And that might prove a good thing because after decades of silence there is a new scientific study linking sugar to all sorts of chronic diseases.
Gillian: Jonathan's blood work suggests that he may be at risk of developing it. Drs. Dan Flanders. Her results suggest that she has diabetes.
That his standards were high and that if we did not make any changes in his way of life soon, diabetes is coming. Gillian: Today in North America it is more limited more than 100 million people have diabetes or pre-diabetes.
Drs. Robert Lustig is sure he knows why. So I can absolutely tell you that sugar is the closest cause of diabetes worldwide and has strong and fast data show that.
Gillian: His data come from his research, which was done more than ten years, compared the rates of diabetes in 175 countries with the human diet.
And let us ask the question: When you prepare all the factors that we know are important, what about the supply of food that predicts diabetes levels, worldwide? Answer: Sugar. And only sugar.
These studies are generally considered to be weak evidence.
Many other things happened at once. Gillian: Toronto researcher Drs. John Sievenpiper.
He opposes Lustig's approach has serious flaws. Traffic experts can tell you that there are many opportunities
bias, I can give you one example.
At the same time as sugar rises, so does bottled water, but there is no real biological link between bottled water and obesity. So it's not, I don't think, a sound detection.
But we have to be careful about putting too much biological bias in wanting to believe the patterns we see. Gillian: His point is that it is difficult to discern the cause of disease. And in principle they can't seduce you to get it.
But you can also check for markers, warning signs that the disease may be present. And that's what they do here, at the University of California at Davis.
Gillian: In this lab, students are guinea pigs. Scientists eat
sugar to find out if it exacerbates the symptoms of heart disease.
That drink contains 25 percent of his daily calories, such as high fructose corn syrup. Look at this ... Gillian: Every time they test, says Dr. Kimber Stanhope, the results were the same.
We have seen an increase in visceral adiposity, which means-- Gillian: What is that? That is the fat inside the abdominal region.
These are the fat that surrounds the liver, intestines, and kidneys. These fats are associated with an increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
Gillian: The Breedons know that fact. Anna and Jonathon have already been diagnosed with fatty liver, which puts them at risk for elevated insulin and triglyceride levels. That is the fat in our blood.
When Drs. Stanhope testing the blood of his college pigs, healthy children with healthy liver, was shocked at how quickly they detected problems.
Every two weeks we see an increase in the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Gillian: In just two weeks? In two weeks. Gillian: But those kinds of lessons do not please everyone.
After conducting many studies, including that of Drs. Stanhope, which monitors diabetes and heart disease, John Seivenpiper sees no reason to panic.
What we find when we look at those trials carefully is that as long as you fit in with calories, fructose does not behave differently than any other method.
Carbohydrates, i.e. starch or refined starch and glucose. Now, that doesn't mean they're right because I don't think we should be having refined starch or glucose. But there is no morality in contrast.
Gillian: Stanhope can't talk to other subjects but says he tested all kinds of things, and it was only fructose that caused the problems.
If I had a strong effect on a diet supplement, a brand new diet supplement and started producing these results, they would - that supplement would be taken very quickly. Gillian: How powerful it is these results?
I think they are. Gillian: In the world of cancer research, Lewis Cantley is a rock star.
Five years ago a Cornell University professor was selected to lead the science dream team. A team of top American cancer specialists have been mobilized to charge more for the search for a cure.
His findings may not be accepted by everyone but in the world of cancer, by Cantley's speeches, people listen. Gillian: Let me ask you, do you believe that sugar consumption causes cancer?
I think yes. I think it's too much food sugar can definitely increase your chances of getting cancer, and make the result for people who already have cancer, uh, worse. Gillian: How?
Let's review how sugar is made: One molecule of glucose and one fructose. We know that when there is too much fructose in the liver, it triggers a chain reaction.
Pancreas produces a lot of insulin. Now Cantley does not believe that excess insulin changes cancer cells, telling them to do so increase glucose.
What we are learning now is that some cancers, especially those cancers associated with obesity with diabetes, it usually has insulin receptors in the cancer cell.
A tumor, by producing an insulin receptor tricks glucose into the plant, instead of muscle and fat. And as a result, the plant may use that glucose as fuel for growth.
Gillian: So if sugar can stimulate existing plants and make them grow, can you also create plants from scratch? Science in that is not so clear.
However. But Cantley does not use it. It scares me, yes, I think if you definitely - I don’t, you know, I will eat the fruit, the fruit is sweet.
Uh, but if I can avoid any sugar, or any beverages I drink, or diet, I try avoiding processed foods, makes it harder to find sugar-free. I definitely avoid sugar if I can.
Gillian: Another critic of the ant-sugar scientist is that most of their “evidence” comes from animals, not humans.
That being said, here at Brown University in Rhode Island they are doing courses that they think should shock a lot of people.
This mouse is healthy. put him in a rock and he finds his way safely, all the time. 5.2. Gillian: Now, look at this boy. This has been the equivalent of the North American diet, which is high in fat and sugar. DLA. he does not know where he has gone.
His mind is damaged. These mice were just normal, and then they turned into crazy animals. They do not remember reading even after a day.
And as the challenge gets worse, they fail miserably, like a
a person with Alzheimer's disease.
Gillian: In this lab, the belief now is that Alzheimer's is actually a type of diabetes mellitus, linked to insulin levels that can affect a lot of sugar.
Professor Suzanne Delamonte. Insulin resistance, which we now know, can occur in any organ. It may be muscle. that's why diabetes.
It can occur in the liver, which causes fatty liver disease. It may occur in the ovaries, that is a polycystic ovary disease. And it could happen to the brain, and we think that's Gillian's Alzheimer's: Now it's important to remember that none of this research represents a scientific approach.
The case against sugar has not been confirmed. Organizations on both sides of the Alzheimer's border, cancer, diabetes, including Health Canada and the FDA are all aware of this study but are still unaware of the links between diabetes and disease.
But there is one important group that raises the alarm. The American Heart Association is now recommending that people significantly reduce excess sugar, surprisingly. Women should not drink more than 6 tablespoons a day.
Men 9. Do not forget that the total amount of sugar in this country is 26 teaspoons per person per day. And yet, the Canadian food industry remains unimpressed.
We've talked to these people they are quite convinced that there is a relationship, a relationship, between diabetes and diabetes, and heart disease, cancer, dementia.
What happens if those people are right? Uh, at this point in time, I am free to say that science is not just supporting the role of chronic disease.
Gillian: When we return, the government continues to attack. If your children drink one bottle of soda a day they eat about 50 pounds 50 kg of sugar a year, equivalent to 50 pounds of sugar.
Sugar from just one soda a day. Gillian: And a lot of sugar
it hits back.
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