----------------------What we now call modern science. But the questions he was trying to answer were as old as mankind itself. What is it made of?
What are the basic elements of the universe by which you, me, the stars, and everything else are made? In the centuries since Galileo, thousands of ideas and experiments have been observed in the smallest and smallest stages coming together in a single image of a story structure.
This particular formula that looks scary is where we end up. It provides accurate answers to hundreds of thousands of tests, in some cases with unprecedented scientific accuracy. At any rate, the most successful scientific theory ever.
In the end, I hope you will get a sense of how all the components come together to form the basic building blocks of our universe.
This is a General Model. It explains how everything in the universe is made up of 12 different particles, which interact with 3 forces, all of which are composed of special particles called the Higgs boson.
Before we leave, some warnings. First ... I said “three powers”. Although there are four basic forces ... that play in the universe.
This means that something is missing from this image. That could be a gravitational force, the most obvious force in the world around us but, in a sense, one that we do not fully understand.
We have a theory of gravity, a very effective theory. We were introduced to Albert Einstein and he goes by the name of a common relationship. But there are two good reasons why it is not included in the Standard Model.
The first is that, at the microscopic level, the gravitational force is so weak that it has no effect on a single subatomic particle.
The second is that we do not know how to integrate a common relationship, which is a classical theory, into the quantum world.
We do not know how we can peer into the black hole where the effects of quantum gravity are at work. A second warning is that the Standard Model is written in a language known as quantum field theory.
This tells us that matter, at a basic level, is not made up of particles. Instead, it is made up of fields: liquid-like objects spread all over the place. These places make for a sophisticated dance that goes hand in hand with the music we call laws of physics.
Interactions between fields produce tangible earth in the form of particles. To understand the Standard Model, it is very easy to use particle language.
As we build the Standard Model, we will encounter many particles with a series of words that can be quickly confused. But there is one element, namely, the most important.
All particles are fermion, which is a matter of matter, or boson, which is a particle of energy.
The difference between fermions and bosons is in the quantum world. Fermions must respect something called the Pauli exclusion principle.
Simply put, this means that you cannot put two fermions on top of each other in space. So, these are the building blocks of the story.
On the other hand, the Bosons can pile on each other the way they want because they are not hindered by Pauli's policy of exclusion. Bosons are energy particles and we will talk about them later.
For now, let's start by looking at fermions. Everything made of cans is reduced to just three particles: an electron and two types of quarks, known as quarks. A typical proton with each neutron contains three quarks.
The proton has two upper and lower quarks, while the neutron has two lower and upper quarks. Combine protons and neutrons together, and you have a nucleus.
Add electrons to the mix and you have an atom. Assemble lots of atoms and that's what you're made of. All the beauty and sophistication we see in the world around us can be traced back to the same set of three elements, which are repeatedly reproduced in different combinations.
Next comes the fourth type of material particle. It is called a neutrino and is unique. Neutrinos are very light and do not mix with anything else.
For example, at the time it took me to say that, something like 100 trillion neutrinos passed through your body. Most of them come from the sun, but most of them have been circulating throughout the universe without interruption since the first few seconds after the Big Bang.
So, there we have four elements of an object. All three of those cosmetics are you, me, and everyone we know, and one very unusual cosmic ghost that flows through all of us. The fourth is a pretty simple number.
But this is when things start to go awry. Because Nature did not stop there. For reasons we do not understand, he took this collection of four particles and made two more copies. This means that there are three different types of particles such as electrons.
In addition to the first electron we know and love, there are particles called muon and tau. The muon and tau behave like electrons, except for one important thing: they are very heavy.
The muon is 200 times heavier than the electron, the tau is about three and a half thousand times larger. The same pattern of production repeats in quarks.
There are two heavy versions of down quark, called rare and low quarks, and two heavy versions of up quark, called charm and top.
Then there are the other two neutrinos: we become less thoughtful in our design and call it a complete set of electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino.
We do not see the second and third generation of particles in everyday life. We can create these very heavy but not very stable particles, which means they decompose quickly into the first generation of particles from which they are made: electron, top, or bottom quarks.
Still, we know that they exist. We can find them in particle accelerators. In some cases, we were able to take pictures of the tracks they left behind.
So this is the collection of particles that make up our planet. Three of four sets. Now we understand some of these very well. In particular, we understand why particles have to come in a set of four.
There is a statistical variable in the Normal model that tells us that you cannot have particles without the other three. On the contrary, we do not know why there are three generations more than any other number.
That is the complete mystery. There is an amazing aspect of mathematical unity here: all the particles are defined by the same number.
This equation was written down in the 1920s by physicist Paul Dirac, who first described the electron. But, as we got more particles - quarks and neutrinos - we realized that also described by Dirac statistics or its variants.
We now know enough to make sure that if we find a lot of matter particles, they should also be defined by the Dirac equation. So, those are the things we are made out we are still missing out on something important! And that power.
Without energy, the universe would simply be a mess. All particles will roam the universe like lost souls, unconnected, doing nothing interesting.
There are three basic forces in the Standard Model and these allow us to describe what we see around us in the universe: electromagnetism, strong forces, and weak forces Each of these forces come with corresponding particles.
These particles are bosons, another part of our family of particles. Bosons are energy-carrying particles. one way of looking at things, you would think that fermions constantly swap the chest between them, affecting their movements and causing what we call energy.
Let's start with these very common forces. Electromagnetism is responsible for the chemical elements of the elements and we have used them to create more modern technologies. It applies to anything that holds electricity.
That means it works on the electron and quark particles, but not on neutrinos because neutrinos are politically neutral. particles in its place.
But if you look closely at that electric field, you will find that it contains a set of particles called the image. Next is a naturally occurring basic energy force, aptly named for.
This force is composed of atomic nuclei. And it is this power that deals with nuclear fission and empowers that
is released from an atomic explosion.
Just as a photon is associated with electromagnetism, there are particles associated with strong energy. We call it gluon because it binds quarks together.
Similarly, as an electron generates an electric field, a quark that sits in space will produce a gluon field. But something unusual happened: Unlike an electromagnetic magnet, the field does not radiate splendor.
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